Mangrove male member enhancement

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Tech, , K. Matics, P. Choo, M. Shariff, ,E. Heruwati, , T. Susilowati, N. Miki, A. Shell y, K. Rajabharsi, R. Ra njit, , P. Siriwardena, M. Nandeesha and M. Women in fisheries. W illiams, M. Chao-Liao, P. Choo, K. Matics, M. Nande esha, M. Shariff, I. Siason, E. Tech and J.

Wong eds. Glob al Symposium on Women in Fisheries. Sixth Asian Fisheries Forum,. Tambuyog De velopment Center. Fostering gender fairness in coastal r esource management: A community-based. Population Activities. Tran-Nguyen, A. Trade and gender oppo rtunities and challenges for developing countries. United Nations, Geneva. Citations 1. References The authors report how, with the development of the initiative, the number of men in the organization decreased in contrast to the increased importance of women despite the main leadership position being held by a man. One of the reasons outlined by the authors is that in contrast to their male counterparts, women played a significant role in most of the activities of the mangrove reforestation project, including nursery development and maintenance, as well as the planting, protection, management and maintenance of mangroves Bagsit and Jimenez, In Uganda, Nunan reports on the empowering effect on women derived from the policy change that occurred in the s with the creation of the Beach Management Units.

Full-text available. Feb The increased recognition of the multiplicity of roles played by women in, and their crucial contributions to, the fisheries sector exists in stark contrast with the low presence of women in fisherfolk organizations around the globe, and the lack of access to decision-making positions in many formal fisheries-related organizations. This paper summarizes analyses of a global literature review on women in fisherfolk organizations. Finally, the paper identifies some of the barriers faced by women to gain equal access to organizations and decision-making. Although more research on the topic is required, there seems to be consensus on the positive effects for women arising from their engagement in modes of collective action.

Gender analysis of women in the Philippine agriculture and their occupational issues. May Feminist research shows how gender, in interaction with other socioeconomic differentiation theories on class and ethnicity, influences agrarian transition, health patterns, and economic development. In the highland community where this study was conducted, women play a very important role in the production of vegetables and crops.

At the same time, there are hazards facing these women predisposing them to certain occupational health issues. As such, this research study aimed to look into occupational issues of women, as well as certain cultural, political, socio-economic perceptions and attributes that affect women's occupational issues. The data collection tools were structured personal interview, key informant interview, and secondary data gathering.

The most commonly used pesticide was manzeb, a carbamate, for a duration of 20 years. In the FGDs cultural, political, and socio-economic factors that affect their occupational and health issues were looked into. This study aimed to target women in agriculture and their occupational issues to influence local and national policies concerning them. Pharmacogenomics in Developing Countries: Challenges and Opportunities. Sep The burgeoning field of pharmacogenomics holds the promise to uncover genetic risk factors for both rare and common diseases, identify genetically based inter-individual responses to medicines, and enrich clinical trials with more genetically homogeneous groups, with the overarching goal to provide safer and more effective medicines to individuals and populations.

With the sequencing of the human genome at the turn of the twentieth century, this last decade has seen an explosion in the development of technologies and methods to advance our understanding of the genetic underpinnings of disease and how individuals respond to medicines. In the field of Alzheimer's disease research, pharmacogenomics has provided insight into the genetic complexity of this common disorder, confirming ApoE carrier status as a genetic determinant of risk for this disease, as well as identifying many other possible gene candidates.

Recognition of global genetic diversity, however, requires that these methods be applied to different ethnic and racial groups throughout the world. Collaborations between academia, non-government organizations, and the pharmaceutical industry under the guidance and regulation of government-directed institutes and initiatives have been created in underdeveloped and developing countries in Africa, Asia, and Central and South America to identify unique genetic variation that will guide the development and use of medicines in these populations. Though each local population and government has its own set of economic, social, legal, regulatory and ethical challenges, the overarching goal in this endeavor is the translation of pharmacogenomic knowledge into the development of safer and more effective medicines for patients throughout the world.

Participation of local communities in mangrove forest rehabilitation in Pattani Bay, Thailand: Conference Paper. Jan The approach and achievements of a project on community participation in mangrove forest rehabilitation in Pattani Bay, a wetland of international importance in Southern Thailand, are described. By working together with local communities in three villages around the bay,this project aimed to restore severely degraded sites of former mangroves.

This three-year project followed an approach of combined environmental rehabilitation and socioeconomic improvements,placing greater emphasis on the process than on outputs,and facilitating initiatives of the community,rather than ideas of the project team. Local ownership of the project and effective community participation were considered crucial to achieve sustainable impacts. The project focussed its main activities on strengthening community organisation,building environmental awareness,mangrove rehabilitation through hydrological restoration and replanting of seedlings,support to alternative livelihood initiatives,and information dissemination.

Although far from completely successful,the project has been able to support several income-generating activities of the communities,has successfully enhanced their environmental awareness,and has received their cooperation in the replanting of 30 ha of community mangrove forest for which a community-based management plan has been prepared. The paper discusses the successes and failures during the first two years of project implementation,and draws conclusions from the lessons learned from the participatory process. Families in the bottom 30 percent income group earned 62 thousand pesos in Final Results from the Family Income and Expenditure Survey.

C N Ericta. Understanding the role of gender in fishing community development. C N Jimenez. NGO Experience-gender perspective in eco-management. N Kumar. Women's roles and gender issues in community-based coastal resources management. L Lopez-Rodriguez. Women, men, and water-resource management in Africa. E M Rathgeber. Water management in Africa and the Middle East: International Development Research Center, Ottawa. Palajiwa News. M M Rola. Centre Newsletter 12 4: Show more. Welcome back! Please log in. Most researchers use their institutional email address as their ResearchGate login.

Password Forgot password? Keep me logged in. Epigenetic regulation of sex ratios may explain natural variation in self-fertilization rates. Nov Proc Biol Sci. Self-fertilization selfing favours reproductive success when mate availability is low, but renders populations more vulnerable to environmental change by reducing genetic variability.

A mixed-breeding strategy alternating selfing and outcrossing may allow species to balance these needs, but requires a system for regulating sexual identity. We explored the role of DNA methylation as a regulatory system for sex-ratio modulation in the mixed-mating fish Kryptolebias marmoratus. We found a significant interaction between sexual identity male or hermaphrodite , temperature and methylation patterns when two selfing lines were exposed to different temperatures during development. We also identified several genes differentially methylated in males and hermaphrodites that represent candidates for the temperature-mediated sex regulation in K.

We conclude that an epigenetic mechanism regulated by temperature modulates sexual identity in this selfing species, providing a potentially widespread mechanism by which environmental change may influence selfing rates. We also suggest that K. Sex ratio variation shapes the ecological effects of a globally introduced freshwater fish. Oct Proc Biol Sci. Sex ratio and sexual dimorphism have long been of interest in population and evolutionary ecology, but consequences for communities and ecosystems remain untested.

Sex ratio could influence ecological conditions whenever sexual dimorphism is associated with ecological dimorphism in species with strong ecological interactions. We tested for ecological implications of sex ratio variation in the sexually dimorphic western mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis. This species causes strong pelagic trophic cascades and exhibits substantial variation in adult sex ratios. We found that female-biased populations induced stronger pelagic trophic cascades compared with male-biased populations, causing larger changes to key community and ecosystem responses, including zooplankton abundance, phytoplankton abundance, productivity, pH and temperature.

The magnitude of such effects indicates that sex ratio is important for mediating the ecological role of mosquitofish. Because both sex ratio variation and sexual dimorphism are common features of natural populations, our findings should encourage broader consideration of the ecological significance of sex ratio variation in nature, including the relative contributions of various sexually dimorphic traits to these effects.

All rights reserved. Sep J Hered. Kryptolebias marmoratus, a small killifish that lives in mangrove habitat from southern Florida to Brazil, is one of the planet's only known self-fertilizing hermaphroditic vertebrates. Generation after generation, hermaphroditic individuals simultaneously produce sperm and eggs and internally self-fertilize to produce what are, in effect, highly inbred clones of themselves.

Although populations are composed primarily of hermaphrodites, they also contain some true males. Males are known to mate occasionally with hermaphrodites, thereby releasing genetic variation that has profound consequences for population genetic structure. However, it is unknown whether hermaphrodites can or do sporadically mate with each other also.

Here, we test whether hermaphroditic individuals of the killifish Kryptolebias marmoratus are capable of crossing with one another, in addition to their much more common habits of self-fertilization and occasional outcrossing with pure males. We employ an experimental design in which replicate hermaphrodite pairs were housed together and allowed to reproduce naturally. Among embryos screened at diagnostic microsatellite loci, all were found to result from selfing i. We thus conclude that hermaphrodite pairs are unlikely to cross, or do so exceedingly rarely. Jun Sex- and state-dependent attraction of round gobies, Neogobius melanostomus, to conspecific calls.

Acoustic communication is of fundamental importance in many fish species but it is often unclear what information is present in different calls and how responsiveness varies with reproductive state and the sex of the receiver. The current study investigates reproductive flexibility in acoustic responsiveness through differential attraction between reproductive morphs of the round goby Neogobius melanostomus to conspecific calls. Parental male PM round gobies emit calls and females respond to these calls with high specificity.

We used playback experiments to determine the response of gobies to recordings of two conspecific calls, a grunt and a drum. For the grunt, reproductive females RF displayed a significantly higher response for first approach than nonreproductive males NRM , but RFs never responded to the drum call.

Upon examining within-morph responses for time spent at a playing speaker, RFs were found to spend the longest time at the grunt call compared to other sound types.

In contrast to the female responses, NRMs and sneaker males SM displayed a strong preference to the drum call. Overall these results support that the grunt could be for mate attraction while NRMs and SMs may be eavesdropping on the drum call. By determining the relationship between reproductive state and responses to conspecific calls, we show that reproductive state is a critical factor in understanding behavioural responses in fish. Beggiatoaceae, giant sulphur-oxidizing bacteria, are well known to occur in cold and temperate waters, as well as hydrothermal vents, where they form dense mats on the floor.

However, they have never been described in tropical marine mangroves. Here, we describe two new species of benthic Beggiatoaceae colonizing a marine mangrove adjacent to mangrove roots. We combined phylogenetic and lipid analysis with electron microscopy in order to describe these organisms. Furthermore, oxygen and sulphide measurements in and ex situ were performed in a mesocosm to characterize their environment.

Based on this, two new species, Candidatus Maribeggiatoa sp. This is also the first description of an Isobeggiatoa species outside of Arctic and temperate waters. The multiphasic approach also gives information about the environment and indications for the metabolism of these bacteria. Our study shows the widespread occurrence of members of Beggiatoaceae family and provides new insight in their potential role in shallow-water marine sulphide-rich environments such as mangroves.

Competition and cuckoldry: Estimating fitness of alternative reproductive tactics in plainfin midshipman. There has been much debate about how male alternative reproductive tactics ARTs evolve. In particular, researchers question whether ARTs have evolved as a conditional, 'best of a bad job' strategy where one tactic has higher fitness than the other, or whether they have evolved as a result of a genetic polymorphism where both tactics have equal fitness.

Despite the large number of species known to have ARTs, tests of equal fitness between tactics have only been conducted in a handful of species.

Impact of Global Change on Nutrient Dynamics in Mangrove Forests

We tested the prediction of equal fitness using the plainfin midshipman Porichthys notatus , a species with two well characterized male ARTs: We collected data across three years and three sampling locations to determine the proportion of each reproductive tactic, as well as the proportion of offspring sired by each male type using microsatellite markers.

Our analysis suggests that males adopting the conventional guarding tactic likely have higher fitness compared to males adopting the cuckolder type II tactic. Also, we show that the guarding male tactic is able to gain paternity through cuckoldry, and that these males, who sometimes guard and sometimes cuckold, are responsible for the majority of paternity lost within nests.

Indeed, the classic cuckolding type II males were responsible for only a small fraction of the paternity lost. These results highlight the degree of flexibility in male behaviour even among individuals adopting the same male tactic. Taken together, our results provide the first exploration of the evolution of male ARTs in plainfin midshipman and, given the tractability of midshipman system, a valuable next step will be to look for gene-by-environment interactions on tactic development and expression.

Evolution of 'maleness' and outcrossing in a population of the self-fertilizing killifish, Kryptolebias marmoratus. Does the persistently high frequency of males in the Twin Cays population of Kryptolebias formerly Rivulus mamoratus Pisces: Rivulidae , a self-fertilizing, androdioecious species, result from ecophenotypic effects or genetic divergence from other populations? Because males are easily produced in the laboratory by temperature manipulations of embryos or juveniles, their frequency in this population is environmentally induced. Common garden experiment, two generations.

Genetic differences exist between the Twin Cays population and other populations in the tendency to produce males. Since males likely induce androdioecious outcrossing, and the Twin Cays population is not ancestral to others, this genetic difference may indicate a shift from predominant selfing to outcrossing, a direction not predicted by current theory. We studied age, growth, and sexual development in the early life intervals of the self-fertilizing mangrove killi-fish, Rivulus marmoratus. Alizarin complexone marking of otoliths also confirmed the increments were daily, and demonstrated the applicability of this technique to field studies for capture-mark-recapture, or age and growth estimates.

Individuals fed a restricted amount of food formed fewer daily otolith growth increments than fish fed to satiation each day. Using histological analysis for identifying gonad morphogenesis, we found no correlation between gonadal development and external appearance caudal ocellus, orange fin colouration in young fish of known ages.

The caudal ocellus was not present until 9 mm total length, and developed thereafter. Of individuals examined, fish less than The single male in our study was relatively of small body size 9. Carotenoid-based coloration in cichlid fishes. Jul Animal colors play important roles in communication, ecological interactions and speciation. Carotenoid pigments are responsible for many yellow, orange and red hues in animals. Whereas extensive knowledge on the proximate mechanisms underlying carotenoid coloration in birds has led to testable hypotheses on avian color evolution and signaling, much less is known about the expression of carotenoid coloration in fishes.

Here, we promote cichlid fishes Perciformes: Cichlidae as a system in which to study the physiological and evolutionary significance of carotenoids. Cichlids include some of the best examples of adaptive radiation and color pattern diversification in vertebrates. In this paper, we examine fitness correlates of carotenoid pigmentation in cichlids and review hypotheses regarding the signal content of carotenoid-based ornaments.

Carotenoid-based coloration is influenced by diet and body condition and is positively related to mating success and social dominance. Gaps in our knowledge are discussed in the last part of this review, particularly in the understanding of carotenoid metabolism pathways and the genetics of carotenoid coloration.

We suggest that carotenoid metabolism and transport are important proximate mechanisms responsible for individual and population-differences in cichlid coloration that may ultimately contribute to diversification and speciation. High degree of paternity loss in a species with alternative reproductive tactics.

In many mating systems, males adopt alternative reproductive tactics ARTs to maximize reproductive success. In fishes, guarding males often invest more energy into courtship, defense, and paternal care, whereas cuckolding males forego such costs and steal fertilizations by releasing their sperm in the nest of a guarding male. These two tactics have been documented in the plainfin midshipman fish Porichthys notatus , yet the relative reproductive success of the guarding and cuckolding male tactics remains unknown. In this study, we used microsatellite markers to determine the level of paternity of the guarding type I males.

We explored how paternity varied with male phenotype and across the breeding season. Our results revealed the lowest documented levels of paternity in a species with obligate paternal care. Although paternity remained consistently low, it did increase as the breeding season progressed. Male body size did not significantly predict paternity.

The low paternity in this species may be explained, in part, by aspects of their reproductive ecology including the duration of parental care period, limited nest availability and competition for nests, as well as the occurrence of nest takeovers. Overall, our findings contribute to the understanding of the ultimate factors underlying ARTs in this species and highlight the importance of investigating reproductive success across the entire breeding season. Evolution of Alternative Reproductive Strategies: This study provides empirical evidence in a wild population for frequency-dependent sexual selection between alternative male reproductive strategies.

The bluegill sunfish Lepomis macrochirus has two male reproductive strategies, cuckolder or parental, used by different males to compete in fertilizing the same eggs. As the density of cuckolders in colonies of parental males increases, the average mating success of cuckolders initially peaks but then declines. The cuckolder density at which their success peaks is determined by ecological characteristics of each colony.

A theoretical analysis assuming random and omniscient cuckolder distributions among ecologically different colonies shows that cuckolders will fertilize decreasing proportions of eggs, relative to parental males, as cuckolders increase in frequency in the population. This supports evolutionary models that assume negative frequency-dependent selection between the competing strategies. Frequencies of alternative mating strategies influence female mate preference in the swordtail Xiphophorus multilineatus.

While studies demonstrating variation in female mating preferences are increasing, we still know very little about the factors that contribute to this variation, and we are therefore unable to predict how selection on males will vary due to female preference. A previous study of Xiphophorus multilineatus detected variation in female mate preference, where smaller females had a weaker strength of preference for males that court courters as compared to small males that use sneak-chase behaviour sneakers.

We tested the hypothesis that female experience with biased frequencies of courter and sneaker males would result in negative frequency-dependent selection on these male alternative mating strategies through female mate choice. Changes in land-use in coastal watersheds is increasingly resulting in rises in inputs of up-river. These changes are most often due to poor.

While sediment and. The net positive or net negative result. Mangroves receiving higher than normal nutrient and sediment loads tend to accumulate organic. In an impacted mangrove for est in Brazil,. This result suggests that the. Land-use change resulting in eutrophication may negatively affect mangrove for ests by modifying. In a long-term experiment with nutrient fertilization,. In these latter stands, phosphorus. Eutrophication often results in higher rates of nitrogen transformation in mangroves.

Furthermore, nitrogen additions change the composition of. Maher et al. Thus, eutrophication appears to change mangrove waters from a sink to a source of. For instance, in the southern Everglades and Florida Bay which have experienced a nearly. Enrichment of phosphorus. Forests , 9 , 6 of In fertilization experiments along latitudinal and tidal gradients, Feller et al. Nutrient enrichment. Reis et al. Ultimately , the effects of land-use change and the resulting eutrophication will likely lead to.

These effects. Clearly , more data are needed regarding the effects of eutr ophication on soil-plant relationships in. Climate change predictions are for the increased frequency and intensity of storms especially. Arid regions will become more arid [. The impacts of such disturbances on. Intense storms can have deleterious effects of mangrove forests. What effect such disturbances have on nutrient cycling and the. In arid. On the arid coast of W estern Australia, Lovelock et al.

Therefore, mangroves disturbed by impoundments and land-use change will likely. Monsoons play an important role in mangrove seasonality and this is likely to increase in. Soil disturbance. Flooding has been found to affect soil extractable phosphate in mangroves, which, in turn,. Forests , 9 , 7 of Phosphorus availability plays an important r ole in. Thus, disturbances to the nutrient dynamics of mangrove ecosystems by increased frequency and. The planet is being subject to increasing temperatures and this trend is predicted to continue in. Mangroves will respond similarly to other. Presumably, mangr oves and their associated food webs respond so,.

Photosynthetic rates for most mangrove species peak at temperatures at or below Photo-inhibition often depresses photosynthesis since mid-day declines have. Increases in temperature are likely to result in faster gr owth, reproduction, photosynthesis. Mangroves are currently expanding into higher latitudes in North America,. This global expansion is most likely. Expansion of mangroves at the expense of.

T emperature increases are likely to r esult in faster rates of nutrient cycling including rates of soil. Microbial growth and rates of transformation. T ropical organisms including plants are closer to their upper. Increasing Atmospheric CO 2. Laboratory data show that mangrove responses in most. The coastal location may be an important determinant in the mangrove response given the. Based on the ability of. Nutrient availability will vary in relation to frequency of tidal inundation, soil type, and texture.

The inputs of nutrients ultimately depend on the accumulation of nutrient elements from the land. Forests , 9 , 8 of Nutrient availability and cycling are unlikely to be directly affected by incr eases in atmospheric. Enhanced growth. Conversely, a decline in mangrove growth. Sea levels are rising due to thermal expansion of the oceans and the melting of polar and land.

The rise in the sea level is not uniform due to differences in. Mangroves have had to adjust to rises and falls in the sea level since the sea level has waxed and. Mangrove surface elevation relative to the sea level is affected by several local and regional. These include subsidence, eustatic changes in the sea level,. T errestrial plants will invade from landwards as the mangrove forest. Conversely, the forest will likely survive if. If the rate of soil accretion is slower than the.

Because of local geomorphological features, actual changes may deviate from these scenarios. The existence of relic pollen and peat deposits suggests that mangroves have undergone dramatic. The geological record and present distribution of mangroves. Peat deposits indicate that. Modern evidence indicates that. Whether or not mangroves will survive in a. In many deltas of large tropical rivers, subsidence, which is a decline in sediment.


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This results in a. An analysis of the soil accretion rate versus. For example, Avicennia marina is highly tolerant to. Forests , 9 , 9 of There may be other biological responses of mangroves to waterlogging. Mangroves have been shown. Leaf anatomy , vascular. Avicennia marina and Laguncularia racemosa L. Undoubtedly , there. If the rate of soil accretion and uplift does not keep pace with the sea level rise, seaward mangroves. In this scenario, there are likely to be drastic changes in nutrient dynamics including. Drowning of seaward mangroves will result in the formation.

Once available nutrients are exhausted and trees are dead. These peat deposits will. Wetting will likely result in an incr ease in N. In degraded mangroves, W eis et al. Such differences are likely to hold true for mangr oves subject to a sea level rise even though there will. For example, inland mangroves that are newly and more frequently wetted by rising. Similarly , there will be large litter losses from drowned forests. Gaseous nitrogen. Mangroves growing on peat deposits show severe phosphorus limitation [. Remobilization of nitrogen and phosphorus indicate complete r esorption before.

Peat deposits are, thus, poor substrates for regrowth of mangroves, which means it is.

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Only a small fraction of nitrogen will be lost from the peat deposits to. In areas where mangroves are slowly dr owning such as in the Sundarbans, living forests still act. The nitrogen. Most nitrogen is conserved in living biomass rather than. Sundarbans mangroves generally conserve nitrogen but conserve only 0. Eventual loss of these mangroves to a sea level rise will likely result in little.

Forests , 9 , 10 of Global change impacts on these processes are. Like tides, the impacts of global. Some impacts are predicted to have deleterious consequences. Other impacts are expected to have positive.

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Deforestation and changes in hydrology in the construction and maintenance. Subsequent formation. Impacts of global change on mangrove nutrient cycling. Disturbance Nitrogen Cycling Phosphorus Cycling. Some land-use changes such as additional inputs of sediment and nutrients will probably have. The same holds true for increased fr equency and intensity of. Increases in rainfall in arid-zone areas are predicted to relieve nutrient limitation and enhance. The effects of a rising sea level are complex likely due to both positive and negative.

If soil accretion rates and uplift keep pace with a rise in the sea level, there may. If accretion and. At present, there are still substantial limitations to our knowledge of the impacts of global change. More data are needed on the impacts of various. Future r esearch should focus on development of experimental.

This research received no external funding. Alongi, D. Spalding, M. World Atlas of Mangroves ; Earthscan: London, UK, ; pp. Saenger, P. Mangrove Ecology, Silviculture and Conservation ; Kluwer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, ;. The Energetics of Mangrove Forests ; Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, ; pp. Forests , 9 , 11 of Carbon cycling and storage in mangrove forests.

Mangrove forests: Resilience, protection from tsunamis, and responses to global climate change. Shelf Sci. The impact of climate change on mangrove forests. Gilman, E. Threats to mangroves from climate change and adaptation. A review. Reef, R. Nutrition of mangr oves. Tree Physiol. Ball, M. Ecophysiology of mangroves. Tr ees , 2 , — Dissolved iron supply limits early growth of estuarine mangroves. Micronutrients and mangroves: Experimental evidence for copper limitation. Lovelock, C. Differences in plant function in. New Phytol. Nitrogen and phosphorus cycles. In Tr opical Mangrove Ecosystems ;.

Robertson, A. Sherman, R.