Growth and development of male external genitalia: a cross-sectional study of However, both penile and testicular development demonstrated peak growth.
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- Penile length growth chart by age for Japanese boys shown in | Download Scientific Diagram
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SPL of Korean children gradually increased from 4. While body weight and testicular size significantly increased from in most of age groups, there were no significant changes in SPL although there was in some age groups. With the great economic development over the last quarter century in Korea, height, body weight, and testicular size of children significantly increased but there was no significant change in SPL except penile growth pattern.
Although MAMLD1 on chromosome Xq28 is known as a causative gene for 46,XY disorders of sex development, clinical information is virtually limited in patients of infancy to early childhood. Here, we report long-term genital and hormonal findings in three previously described Japanese patients with MAMLD1 mutations, i. EX and patient 3 with p. Testis ultrasound studies delineated microlithiasis in patients 1 and 3. These results imply for the first time deterioration of testicular function with age in patients with pathologic MAMLD1 mutations.
Sep To evaluate the accuracy of the human chorionic gonadotropin hCG stimulation test in children with micropenis in predicting later Leydig cell function. Fifty Japanese boys range, 0. Thirty-four spontaneously developed puberty and preserved the ability of testosterone production group 1 , while 16 did not develop any pubertal signs without HRT group 2. Based on true positives who required continuous HRT, the area under the receiver-operating characteristics curve for post-hCG T was 0.
The post-hCG T cut-off level corresponding to the Youden index was 1. The hCG test in prepubertal children with micropenis can be useful for predicting Leydig cell function in pubertal or postpubertal adolescents. The post-hCG T cut-off level of 1. Abnormalities of the external genitalia in boys - Aphallia. Normal growth and variation in the male genitalia from birth to maturity.
Jan J Urol. The development of growth references and growth charts. Jul Ann Hum Biol. De Montbeillard produced the first growth chart in the late 18 th century. Since then, growth assessment has developed to become an essential component of child health practice. To provide a brief history of i anthropometry, i. The major contributors in the three categories over the past years were identified and their historical contributions put in context with more recent developments.
Anthropometry was originally collected for administrative or public health purposes, its medical role emerging at the end of the 19 th century. Growth reference data were collected in earnest from the 19 th century, during which time the familiar statistical summary statistics-mean, SD, centiles-were developed.
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More advanced statistical methods emerged much later. Growth charts first appeared in the late 19 th century and Tanner and Whitehouse later popularized the concepts of velocity and conditional references for growth in puberty. An important recent reference is the WHO growth standard, which documents optimal growth and has been adopted by many countries including the UK.
Arising from it, the UK-WHO charts have pioneered many design features to improve usability and accuracy. Growth charts have developed considerably in years and they represent an impressive synthesis of anthropometry, statistical summary and chart design. Dec Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. To provide estimates of normal variations in penile measurements and testicular volumes, and to establish reference ranges for clinical use.
Cross-sectional, population-based study. Schools, kindergartens, and child care centers in different parts of Bulgaria. A population of clinically healthy white males aged 0 to 19 years. The study physician chose schools, kindergartens, and child care centers randomly and examined children at random until he reached the required number. Each of the 20 age groups age range, years had an equal number of males ie, The mean SD values and fifth, 50th, and 95th percentiles of height Siber Hegner anthropometer , weight beam balance , testicular volume Prader orchidometer , penile length rigid tape , and penile circumference measuring tape from birth to 19 years of age.
Testes did not show any increase in size until the onset of puberty at age 11 years, whereas penile growth was gradual after birth. However, both penile and testicular development demonstrated peak growth from 12 to 16 years of age, which coincided with the maximal male pubertal growth spurt.
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Data indicate an earlier pubertal development for this study population than that for a similar population several decades ago. Significant differences between urban and rural populations regarding penile length were also noticed. Our study provides the contemporary reference range values for height, weight, testicular volume, and penile length and circumference of males aged 0 to 19 years.
Our data show that, even by the end of 20th century, there is still some acceleration of male pubertal development. For the first time are reported somatic differences in genitalia within a population between urban and rural representatives. Apr In clinical measurement comparison of a new measurement technique with an established one is often needed to see whether they agree sufficiently for the new to replace the old.
Such investigations are often analysed inappropriately, notably by using correlation coefficients. The use of correlation is misleading.
Penile length growth chart by age for Japanese boys shown in | Download Scientific Diagram
An alternative approach, based on graphical techniques and simple calculations, is described, together with the relation between this analysis and the assessment of repeatability. Smoothing Reference Centile Curves: Refence centile curves show the distribution of a measurement as it changes according to some covariate, often age. The LMS method summarizes the changing distribution by three curves representing the median, coefficient of variation and skewness, the latter expressed as a Box-Cox power.
Using penalized likelihood the three curves can be fitted as cubic splines by non-linear regression, and the extent of smoothing required can be expressed in terms of smoothing parameters or equivalent degrees of freedom. The method is illustrated with data on triceps skinfold in Gambian girls and women, and body weight in U. Criteria, etiologies and classification.
May Johns Hopkins Med J. A micropenis is an abnormally small penis with a normal configuration. This finding constitues a sign not a diagnosis. Various clinical syndromes may include a micropenis and can be classified in one of the etiologic categories.
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This paper provides the criteria for determining the presence of a micropenis. A phallic length which is 2. The technique of penile measurement, determination of etiology, guidelines for sex of rearing and psychologic, surgical and medical management are discussed.
Penile Length of Newborns in Singapore. Micropenis is an important sign in congenital hypopituitarism and various disorders. Documented norms for penile length exist only for babies of Caucasian and Middle-Eastern origin. This study was carried out to establish such norms for Asian newborns. We studied male live births within their first three days of life.
Stretched penile lengths were marked off on unmarked wooden spatulas, which were placed vertically along the dorsal aspect of the penis, with one rounded end on the pubic bone. Race had a significant effect: Chinese 3. Penile length correlated with birth weight and gestational age. Asian babies thus have similar norms to Caucasian babies. An Asian newborn whose penis measures less than 2. Testicular volume in Japanese boys up to the age of 15 years. Dec Eur J Pediatr. Previous studies have indicated that Japanese children grow and mature significantly faster than Caucasian children, thus calling for a separate reference standard for each skeletal and sexual maturity index.
To establish normal reference values for testicular volume in Japanese boys, we studied from to , healthy male children of 0 to 15 years of age for medical history, physical examination, height, weight, sitting height, and head circumference measurements, Tanner sex maturity stage, and testicular size. The testicular volume was determined using a Prader orchidometer by the same observer N.
Based on these data, we established the cross-sectional percentile growth curves 90th, 50th, 10th percentiles for testicular volume of Japanese boys. The testicular volume of 3 ml was attained at 9. Conclusion Swelling of the testis in Japanese children begins approximately 1 year earlier than in Swiss children in accordance with the earlier skeletal maturation in Japanese children. Identification of the obese child: Adequacy of the body mass index for clinical practice and epidemiology.
To assess the ability of simple definitions of BMI to successfully screen for children with high body fatness.
We determined the sensitivity and specificity of the body mass index BMI by testing its ability to correctly identify children with high body fat percentage. Sensitivity and specificity did not differ significantly between boys and girls. The ROC analysis showed that lower cut-offs applied to the BMI improved sensitivity with no marked loss of specificity: Screening for childhood obesity using the BMI is specific, and can have moderately high sensitivity if an appropriate cut-off is chosen.
New recommendations based on the IOTF approach to defining childhood obesity are associated with lower sensitivity, and sensitivity differs between boys and girls. Show more. SPL increases continuously during the prepubertal period, and most rapidly in the first 4 months of life. These data serve as an updated growth reference for SPL in Japanese boys aged years. Free Supplementary Material. Karger International: Forgot your password? Institutional Login Shibboleth or OpenAthens For the academic login, please select your organization on the next page.
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December 03, Number of Print Pages: Palmer JS: Campbell-Walsh Urology. Philadelphia, Elsevier, , pp