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Using the per capita disposable income i. Among the participants, Also, approximately two-thirds of the participants reported that they had participated in evacuation drills As shown in Table 2 , the perceptions of community resilience are reflected by the means and standard deviations of each of the 26 core community resilience items along with the percentage of agreement for each item, as well as the five CART domains and the overall community resilience score.

The mean core community resilience item scores range from 3. The highest mean score, as well as the highest percentage of agreement The ranking of the mean scores of the five domains is Disaster Management 3. The average of the overall community resilience score is 3. The OLS ordinal least squares regression results of the correlation between the DRR activities and community resilience scores with control of the basic socio-demographic variables are reported in Table 3.

Specifically, participation in emergency evacuation drills and geological disaster education is positively associated with all the five domains. Participation in emergency response drills has a relatively stronger correlation. Moreover, volunteering for community-based DRR activities is positively correlated with all the community resilience domains, but only the correlations with the domains of Connection and Caring, Transformative Potential, and Information and Communication are statistically significant.

Preparation of emergency supplies at home is significantly and positively associated with the Resources domain of community resilience but not with other domains. Meanwhile, it is worth noting that income level is also positively associated with all the community resilience domains except the domain of Connection and Caring, and their correlations are significant. Regarding the overall community resilience, significant correlations are found for income level and the experience of being a volunteer in DRR activities in the community, as well as participation in geological disaster education and evacuation drills.

Additionally, within all the statistically significant predictors of the overall community resilience, participation in evacuation drills has the most robust correlation while the correlation of income level was the lowest. Standard errors in parentheses. This article presents a study of the community resilience of a typical post-disaster and also disaster-prone community in rural China. Based on the data collected using the CART Assessment Survey, several linear regression models were performed to explore the correlations between the various community resilience scores i. The fitness of these models were appropriate with adjusted R 2 values ranging from 0.

The scores for core resilience items, CART domains, and the overall community resilience are all above 3 i. This is roughly similar to the assessment results of a prior study based on a representative sample from ten rural communities in Sichuan Province [ 39 ].

What is also consistent with this study is related to the primary community resilience strength and weakness. Primary community resilience strength was identified as the survey item with the highest percentage of the agreement; while the community resilience weakness was identified as the survey item with the lowest percentage of agreement [ 31 ].

Previous research has already stressed the scarcity of community resources, such as inadequate infrastructure, underdeveloped transportation, poor communication systems, and the absence of partnerships with private sectors or civil society organizations, for disaster prevention and mitigation in rural China as compared with urban neighborhoods [ 19 ]. However, the community under study is not without advantages, such as close connection and mutual care, as reflected by the primary community resilience strength.

The study of Zheng et al. The relations of mutual support among neighbors is a primary component of social capital, the role of which in the enhancement of community resilience has already been widely recognized and promoted [ 7 , 32 ]. Therefore, the continuous investment of resources in rural areas with effective use of local strengths in a culturally responsive manner is suggested for DRR policy, planning, and practice. Unlike prior studies in China focusing on preparedness activities [ 46 , 47 ], this paper highlighted the importance of DRR activities in promoting community resilience.

This finding is in line with the study of Pfefferbaum et al. Shaw [ 49 ] also argued for the importance of community participation in DRR for both the process and content as the main actors, since the community will ultimately benefit from improved disaster resilience and development. This study also reveals that people who received disaster education would have a perception of higher community resilience than those who did not receive such education, but this finding is not supported by a study with a group of affiliated volunteer responders in an American community [ 32 ].

In any case, the design of community-specific DRR educational programs has already been recognized as a necessary component of DRR planning [ 50 ]. Community-based evacuation drills is another intrinsic component of DRR programs worldwide [ 18 , 35 ]. Moreover, among all the four DRR activities in this study, the percentage of people who had participated in evacuation drills was the highest.

The positive correlations between the participation of people in evacuation drills and their perceived community resilience as uncovered by this study, may have reinforced current DRR planning and supported the further development of relevant programs [ 18 ]. This differs from the findings of a previous study conducted in Israel [ 30 ], which indicated no statistically significant correlation between home emergency preparedness and community resilience. The reasons for this contrary finding may be due to the differences between the Chinese and Israeli cultures, and in the measurements of community resilience that were used.

Moreover, of the four DRR activities in the current study, preparing emergency supplies at home involves less community interaction than the other three and has the least correlation with the five domains of the CART. It is also the only one of the four DRR activities that reveal no significant correlation with the overall community resilience.

This result may imply that the underlying factor promoting the individual perception of community resilience to disaster can be active community interaction, especially given that prior research in other post-disaster rural communities has already found a significant positive correlation between placed-based social cohesion and perceived community resilience [ 51 ].

In addition, provided that community relations or networks are primary components of social capital, future research could examine the association between social capital and perceived community resilience; it is also worth going one step further to explore if anything that increases social capital within community could have the same effect in promoting community resilience.

Higher income levels reported by the participants also significantly contributed to their perception of community resilience. This might be partly because participants with higher income were more likely to participant in resilience-building activities [ 52 ]. The economic well-being of a community has already been widely recognized as a core component of community resilience [ 17 , 53 , 54 ].

Zhu [ 55 ] argued that the extent to which a community could endure the impact of or recover from a disaster largely relied on its economic condition, such as economic capital, income security, and multiple income structures. At the family level, evidence suggests that families with better economic status before a disaster would be more likely to bounce back [ 56 ]. Therefore, investments in boosting the capacity of the individual household by providing financial assistance and technical support seemed necessary for better recovery after a disaster [ 57 ].

Nonetheless, while lower income may cause families in a shortage of financial assets, it does not necessarily reduce their relational and social support assets [ 58 ]. This may explain why participants from economically disadvantaged communities will perceive a lack of resources but a strong sense of attachment at the same time [ 31 ]. In fact, sense of community and traditions of mutual help have already been seen as key assets in many local neighborhoods especially where people feel they are in need of protection to avoid economic instability [ 59 ].

For people with lower incomes, therefore, the community as a major source of social support and mutual help may be a more important asset compared to people with higher incomes. These results are consistent with previous research findings [ 30 , 31 , 32 ]. Besides the contributions discussed above, this study did have at least three limitations. Thus, practice research of quasi-experimental research design or randomized controlled trials into DRR programs would help clarify the causal relationship between specific DRR activities and community disaster resilience.

Second, we used a relatively small sample from one of the most disrupted towns in the Wenchuan earthquake. Studies covering larger population in rural and urban communities in China are needed to provide more representative knowledge on community resilience. The results indicate that residents who volunteered in DRR activities and received geological disaster education, as well as those who participated in disaster evacuation drills, were more likely to have a perception of higher overall community resilience.

Another factor that would contribute to this perception was income level. Future research is recommended to help clarify the cause and effect of the prevalent DRR work in enhancing community disaster resilience in China and abroad. The development of a Chinese indigenous community resilience concept and assessment instrument is also recommended. Ke Cui designed the study, collected the data, and wrote most of the paper; Ziqiang Han did the data analysis and wrote part of the paper; Dongming Wang contributed to the research design and discussion section.

National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Published online Feb Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Received Jan 2; Accepted Feb This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution CC BY license http: This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract Disaster risk reduction DRR activities have given growing attention to building community resilience, but the effects of such efforts on community resilience are still under-investigated, especially in China where the concept of community resilience has only just emerged.

Introduction Disasters—which have been defined as processes that encompass an event or a series of events [ 1 ]—often involve widespread human, material, economic, and environmental impacts. Methods 2. Study Area The data used in this article were collected at Yingxiu town, Wenchuan, China, which was the epicenter of the Wenchuan earthquake. Building community-based i. Local governments, NGOs, and residents cooperating in the compilation of community disaster risk maps and formulation of emergency response plans engagements and partnership ;. Educating and training villagers about geological disasters, risk prevention techniques, and evacuation and survival skills education ;.

Performing both village-based and whole town-based evacuation drills, which are usually organized by villagers both independently, and with the support and guidance of the local government and NGOs self-sufficiency ;. Encouraging local NGOs to implement culturally responsive and resilience-oriented psychosocial work for women, children, and older people, i. Instrument and Measurement 2. Community Resilience Several different tools have been developed to measure community resilience by researchers [ 21 , 30 , 40 ], and every tool has its own strength and weakness.

Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the Participants Socio-demographic characteristics, such as age, gender, ethnicity, marital status, education, employment status, and income level, were also included. Participants and Sampling Two hundred villagers from households one in each in Yingxiu were randomly selected from the permanent resident population in the town. Data Analysis Five multivariable linear regression models were constructed to identify possible correlations between the examined DRR activities and the five CART domains. Results 3. Variables Frequency Percentage Having emergency supplies Open in a separate window.

Community Resilience As shown in Table 2 , the perceptions of community resilience are reflected by the means and standard deviations of each of the 26 core community resilience items along with the percentage of agreement for each item, as well as the five CART domains and the overall community resilience score. Table 2 Core community resilience items by domains and perceptions of community resilience. Connection and Caring 3. People in my community feel like they belong to the community. People in my community are committed to the well-being of the community.

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People in my community have hope about the future. People in my community help each other. My community treats people fairly no matter what their background is. Resources 3. My community has the resources it needs to take care of community problems. My community has effective leaders. People in my community are able to get the services they need. People in my community know where to go to get things done. My community supports programs for children and families. Transformative Potential 3. My community works with organizations and agencies outside the community to get things done.

People in my community communicate with leaders who can help improve the community. People in my community are aware of community issues that they might address together. People in my community discuss issues so they can improve the community. People in my community work together on solutions so that the community can improve. My community looks at its successes and failures so it can learn from the past. My community develops skills and finds resources to solve its problems and reach its goals. My community has priorities and sets goals for the future.

Disaster Management 3. My community tries to prevent disasters. My community actively prepares for future disasters. My community can provide emergency services during a disaster. My community has services and programs to help people after a disaster. Information and Communication 3.

My community keeps people informed via television, radio, newspaper, Internet, phone, neighbors about issues that are relevant to them. If a disaster occurs, my community provides information about what to do. People in my community trust public officials. The Correlation of Disaster Risk Reduction Activities and Community Resilience The OLS ordinal least squares regression results of the correlation between the DRR activities and community resilience scores with control of the basic socio-demographic variables are reported in Table 3.

Table 3 Linear regression results for community resilience. Discussion This article presents a study of the community resilience of a typical post-disaster and also disaster-prone community in rural China. Author Contributions Ke Cui designed the study, collected the data, and wrote most of the paper; Ziqiang Han did the data analysis and wrote part of the paper; Dongming Wang contributed to the research design and discussion section.

Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. References 1. Miller J. Psychosocial Capacity Building in Response to Disasters. Perry R. What Is a Disaster? New Answers to Old Questions. Xlibris, Corp. Drabek T.


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Human System Responses to Disaster: An Inventory of Sociological Findings. Springer Series on Environmental Management. Haddow G. Introduction to Emergency Management. Butterworth-Heinemann; Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Lindell M. Disaster studies. Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters. United Nations; Geneva, Switzerland: Drolet J. Women rebuilding lives post-disaster: Innovative community practices for building resilience and promoting sustainable development. Nuited Nations; Geneva, Switzerland: Phibbs S. A Conceptual Glossary.

Public Health. Wisner B. Handbook of Hazards and Disaster Risk Reduction. Routledge; London, UK: Han Z. Rural Households Recovery after Disasters: From the Sustainable Livelihoods Perspective. China Popul. Smith G. Handbook of Disaster Research. Sustainable disaster recovery: Operationalizing an existing agenda; pp. Cimellaro G. Framework for analytical quantification of disaster resilience. Boon H. Joerin J.

Assessing community resilience to climate-related disasters in Chennai, India. Disaster Risk Reduct. Kais S. Conceptual Connections. Shaw R. Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction. Feng X. Peking University Press; Beijing, China: In Chinese. Chandra A. Building Community Resilience to Disasters: Ostadtaghizadeh A. Community Disaster Resilience: PLoS Curr. Pfefferbaum R. Source mod eling Sim ulation of SM. Field surve y , measurement. Seismic R esponse A n alysis. EQ and MT observati on, Geol ogical su rvey.

Literature Surv ey. Research Activities. First, we selected the two case study sites, Lima and. T acna, fo r this re search p roject.

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The Lima metrop olitan. T acna is the regional capital. Scenario earthquake events for damage assessment. T wo ma-. The second ev ent is the. Note that Arica, no w a part of Chile, belonged. The earthquake almost completely. The recurrence of these mega-. Each group performs research on the basis of the mas-. Group 1 studi es seismic motion and geotech-. In this regard, ten accelerometers. Seismic records ob-. L ocation of major earthquakes in Peru [5] and two. Group 1 also pe rforms site in vestigation s to measure.

Based on. Location of s eismometers in Lima on a soil distribu-. Result of tsunami inundation simulation at La Punta. Group 2 studies tsunami modeling, numerical simula-. This kind o f results a re cu rrently u tilized to. New structural and ma-. These e x-. Group 4 a ssesses seismic d amage to building s in th e. Group 4 also. F or the Pisco earthquake, b uilding dam-.

Integrati ng all output from each research group, Group. V arious spatial data incl uding land-use, roads and. Under co nstruction. Apar tmen t. Since buildings in this area. Joint Field Surv ey for the Maule, Chile,. An earthquake with a moment magnitude Mw of 8. February 27, , at Nazca plate subducts under the South American plate. The tsunami generated by the earthquake hit the coast -. The reason why such international. The second survey team, consisting of tsunami sci-.

The third su rvey team, consisting of s tructural eng i-. In order to ev aluate the seis-. The reconnaissance report was written and posted on. These studies will be used for. Project Management and Outcome. For project management, project workshops are h eld. In this kick-of f. T eam 1 to 3, left to right. T sunami wate r mark on the wall. T sunami intruded from the river. W ashed-away houses by the river. T sunami water mark in resi dential area. Field survey route and photo shooting points on a.

Fro m the Peru vian. W e also invit ed ten earthquake engineering. The total number of participants, including the audience,. The reason for. Participants in the second workshop on March The second w orkshop w as held at Chiba Universit y. After the two-day work-. After v iewing an a r-.

This workshop thus became truly unforget -. P articipants in the third workshop on March 13, , in T okyo, Japan. Acti vities of Japanese researchers in Per u; a seminar at Peruvian Congress on ear thquake and tsunami dis aster mitigation. The third workshop was held with more than 70 partic-. W e discussed the progress of the project. F or this symposium, members from four.

Indonesia, the Philippines, Pe ru and Chile, p articipated. One of the important aspects of the Peru project is. Japan ese re-. Japanese project members in Peru, such as a a seminar. The project also in vites young Peruvian researchers for. Fiv e short-term trainees. Th ree doctora l stu-. Institute of T echnology. JCC provides oversight on the project and meets.

Enhancement of earthquake and tsunami disaster mitigation technology in Peru: A SATREPS project

Lima, Peru, attended by the president of UNI, the director. Ambassador to Peru, and related o rganizations of P eru. The progress of the project was accepted by. In August , the mid-term project revie w was con-. After the re view activities, the. August 17 and South America was found to grow steadil y. After the events in Lima, Japanese and Peruvian re-. W e discussed support from Japan. It is recognized that subducti on zone earthquakes in. Giv en these circum-. T acna, near the border , on August 20, Peru-Chile-Japan symposium on earthquake and tsunami.

W e wish this event b e ju st the. T echnology Research Partnership for Sustainable De vel-. This paper has described. Tsunami Disaster Mitigatio n T echnology in Peru. Duri ng this period, re-. Japanese researchers. Three project workshops have al-. The project has also contrib uted to human re-.

1. Introduction

The project will continue for two more years and is ex-. This project is supported by Japan International Corporation. Building the re-. Chlieh, J. Ruegg, R. Arm ijo, R. Cam pos, and K. Appendix A. List of the Project Members. Peru Japan. Dina Cotrado T acna Priv ate Univ. Maria de l Carmen Corrale s. Lima Metropolitan Municipality. Sladen, H. T avera, M. S imons, J. A vouac, A. K onca, H. Perfettini, L. Audin, E. F ielding, F. Or tega, and R. Im pli-. Pulido, H.

T avera, Z. Aguila r , M. Chlieh, D. Calderon, S. Sekiguchi, and F. TS, p. Okal, J. Borrero, and C. Calderon, T. Sekiguchi, S. Nakai, Z. A guilar , and F. Lima, Peru, in Spanis h. Ad riano, S. Koshimura, and Y. Adriano, E. Mas, S. Koshimur a, Y. F ujii, S. Y auri, C. Mas, B. Adriano, and S. Zav ala, P. G ibu, L. Lav ado, J. T aira, L. Cardenas , and L. Mats uoka, H.

M iura, S. Midorikawa, and M.

(PDF) The Need for Enhancing Earthquake Evacuee Safety by Using Virtual Reality Serious Games

Research, V ol. Matsuzaki, F. Y amazaki, M. Estrada, and C. Asia Confer ence on. Earthquake E ngineering, Bangkok, T hailand, p. Matsuoka and M. Maruyama, F. Y amazaki, S. Matsuzaki, H. Miura, and M. S1, pp. Koshimura, A. Suppa sri, M. Matsuoka, M. Y oshii, C. Jimenez, F. Y amazaki, and F. Tsunami fragility curves using remote sensing and s urvey data of. Pulido, Y. Y agi, H. Kumagai, and N. Saito, S. K ono, K. Kusunoki, Y. Kim, T. Matsui, M. T ani, Y. Zavala, and P. Paper No. Professor, Department of Urban En vironment.

Systems , Chiba Uni versity. Selecte d Publications:. Liu and F.


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    • Geoscience and Remote Sensing L etters, V ol. Meslem , F. Y am azaki, and Y. Carlos Z av ala. Professor, Faculty of Civil Engineering, National. Uni v ersity of Engineering. Los Ishipingos Ex-Abetos Dpt. E l Remanso La Molina,. Lima 12, Lima, Peru. Engineering, Lima, P eru. Zavala, K. Ohi, and K. Conference, Pergamom Press, October W orld Conference on.

    Zavala, C. Honma, P. Gibu et. Canada, August Zavala, Z.